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Tin-glazed pottery is pottery covered in glaze containing tin oxide which is white, shiny and opaque. (See tin-glazing.) The pottery body is usually made of red or buff colored earthenware and the white glaze was often used to imitate Chinese porcelain. Tin-glazed pottery is usually decorated, the decoration applied to the unfired glaze surface by brush as metallic oxides, commonly cobalt oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, manganese dioxide and antimony oxide. The makers of Italian tin-glazed pottery from the late Renaissance blended oxides to produce detailed and realistic polychrome paintings. The earliest tin-glazed pottery appears to have been made in Iraq in the 9th century, the oldest fragments having been excavated during the First World War from the palace of Samarra about fifty miles north of Baghdad.〔Caiger-Smith, Alan, ''Tin-glazed Pottery in Europe and the Islamic World: The Tradition of 1000 Years in Maiolica, Faience and Delftware'' (Faber and Faber, 1973) ISBN 0-571-09349-3〕 From there it spread to Egypt, Persia and Spain before reaching Italy in the Renaissance, Holland in the 16th century and England, France and other European countries shortly after. The development of white, or near white, firing bodies in Europe from the late 18th century, such as Creamware by Josiah Wedgwood and porcelain, reduced the demand for Delftware, faience and majolica. The rise in the cost of tin oxide during the First World War led to its partial substitution by zirconium compounds in the glaze. ==Names== Tin-glazed pottery of different periods and styles is known by different names. The pottery from Muslim Spain is known as ''Hispano-Moresque ware''. The decorated tin-glaze of Renaissance Italy is called ''maiolica'', sometimes pronounced ''majolica'' by English speakers. When the technique was taken up in the Netherlands it became known as ''delftware'' as much of it was made in the town of Delft. Dutch potters brought it to England in around 1600 and wares produced there are known as ''English delftware'' or ''galleyware''. In France it was known as ''faience''. The word ''maiolica'' is thought to have come from the medieval Italian word for Majorca, an island on the route for ships that brought Hispano-Moresque wares to Italy from Valencia in the 15th and 16th centuries, or from the Spanish ''obra de Mallequa'', the term for lustered ware made in Valencia under the influence of Moorish craftsmen from Malaga. During the Renaissance, the term ''maiolica'' was adopted for Italian-made luster pottery copying Spanish examples, and during the 16th century its meaning shifted to include all tin-glazed earthenware.〔(Victoria and Albert Museum )〕 Because of their identical names, there has been some confusion between tin-glazed majolica/maiolica and the lead-glazed majolica made in England and America in the 19th century, but they are different in origin, technique, style and history. In the late 18th century, old Italian maiolica became popular among the British, who referred to it by the anglicized pronunciation ''majolica''. The Minton pottery copied it and applied the term ''majolica ware'' to their product. At the Great Exhibition of 1851, Minton launched a colorful lead-glazed earthenware which they called ''Palissy ware''. By the 1880s, the public was calling Palissy ware ''majolica'', and the usage has stuck. "In the 1870s, the curators of the South Kensington Museum returned to the original Italian 'maiolica' with an 'i' to describe all Italian tin-glazed earthenware, doubtless to stress the Italian pronunciation and to avoid confusion with contemporary majolica."〔( Victoria and Albert Museum, "Ceramics - M is for Maiolica/majolica" )〕 :''For the article about 19th century lead-glazed earthenware, see Victorian majolica'' W.B. Honey (Keeper of Ceramics at the Victoria & Albert Museum, 1938–1950), wrote of ''maiolica'' that, "By a convenient extension and limitation the name may be applied to all tin-glazed ware, of whatever nationality, made in the Italian tradition ... the name faïence (or the synonymous English 'delftware') being reserved for the later wares of the 17th Century onwards, either in original styles (as in the case of the French) or, more frequently, in the Dutch-Chinese (Delft) tradition."〔Honey, W.B., ''European Ceramic Art'', 1952〕 The term ''maiolica'' is sometimes applied to modern tin-glazed ware made by studio potters.〔See, for example, ''The New Maiolica'' by Matthias Osterman〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tin-glazed pottery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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